Buffer Node.js v4.1.1 Manual & Documentation

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# Buffer#

    Stability: 2 - Stable

Pure JavaScript is Unicode friendly but not nice to binary data. When dealing with TCP streams or the file system, it's necessary to handle octet streams. Node.js has several strategies for manipulating, creating, and consuming octet streams.

Raw data is stored in instances of the `Buffer` class. A `Buffer` is similar to an array of integers but corresponds to a raw memory allocation outside the V8 heap. A `Buffer` cannot be resized.

The `Buffer` class is a global, making it very rare that one would need to ever `require('buffer')`.

Converting between Buffers and JavaScript string objects requires an explicit encoding method. Here are the different string encodings.

- `'ascii'` - for 7 bit ASCII data only. This encoding method is very fast, and will strip the high bit if set.

- `'utf8'` - Multibyte encoded Unicode characters. Many web pages and other document formats use UTF-8.

- `'utf16le'` - 2 or 4 bytes, little endian encoded Unicode characters. Surrogate pairs (U+10000 to U+10FFFF) are supported.

- `'ucs2'` - Alias of `'utf16le'`.

- `'base64'` - Base64 string encoding.

- `'binary'` - A way of encoding raw binary data into strings by using only the first 8 bits of each character. This encoding method is deprecated and should be avoided in favor of `Buffer` objects where possible. This encoding will be removed in future versions of Node.js.

- `'hex'` - Encode each byte as two hexadecimal characters.

Creating a typed array from a `Buffer` works with the following caveats:

1. The buffer's memory is copied, not shared.

2. The buffer's memory is interpreted as an array, not a byte array. That is, `new Uint32Array(new Buffer([1,2,3,4]))` creates a 4-element `Uint32Array` with elements `[1,2,3,4]`, not a `Uint32Array` with a single element `[0x1020304]` or `[0x4030201]`.

NOTE: Node.js v0.8 simply retained a reference to the buffer in `array.buffer` instead of cloning it.

While more efficient, it introduces subtle incompatibilities with the typed arrays specification. `ArrayBuffer#slice()` makes a copy of the slice while `Buffer#slice()` creates a view.

## Class: Buffer#

The Buffer class is a global type for dealing with binary data directly. It can be constructed in a variety of ways.

### new Buffer(size)#

- `size` Number

Allocates a new buffer of `size` bytes. `size` must be less than 1,073,741,824 bytes (1 GB) on 32 bits architectures or 2,147,483,648 bytes (2 GB) on 64 bits architectures, otherwise a `RangeError` is thrown.

Unlike `ArrayBuffers`, the underlying memory for buffers is not initialized. So the contents of a newly created `Buffer` are unknown and could contain sensitive data. Use `buf.fill(0)` to initialize a buffer to zeroes.

### new Buffer(array)#

- `array` Array

Allocates a new buffer using an `array` of octets.

### new Buffer(buffer)#

- `buffer` Buffer

Copies the passed `buffer` data onto a new `Buffer` instance.

### new Buffer(str[, encoding])#

- `str` String - string to encode.
- `encoding` String - encoding to use, Optional.

Allocates a new buffer containing the given `str`. `encoding` defaults to `'utf8'`.

### Class Method: Buffer.isEncoding(encoding)#

- `encoding` String The encoding string to test

Returns true if the `encoding` is a valid encoding argument, or false otherwise.

### Class Method: Buffer.isBuffer(obj)#

- `obj` Object
- Return: Boolean

Tests if `obj` is a `Buffer`.

### Class Method: Buffer.byteLength(string[, encoding])#

- `string` String
- `encoding` String, Optional, Default: 'utf8'
- Return: Number

Gives the actual byte length of a string. `encoding` defaults to `'utf8'`. This is not the same as `String.prototype.length` since that returns the number of characters in a string.

Example:

    str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';

    console.log(str + ": " + str.length + " characters, " +
      Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8') + " bytes");

    // ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytes

### Class Method: Buffer.concat(list[, totalLength])#

- `list` Array List of Buffer objects to concat
- `totalLength` Number Total length of the buffers when concatenated

Returns a buffer which is the result of concatenating all the buffers in the list together.

If the list has no items, or if the totalLength is 0, then it returns a zero-length buffer.

If totalLength is not provided, it is read from the buffers in the list. However, this adds an additional loop to the function, so it is faster to provide the length explicitly.

### Class Method: Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2)#

- `buf1` Buffer
- `buf2` Buffer

The same as `buf1.compare(buf2)`. Useful for sorting an Array of Buffers:

    var arr = [Buffer('1234'), Buffer('0123')];
    arr.sort(Buffer.compare);

### buf.length#

- Number

The size of the buffer in bytes. Note that this is not necessarily the size of the contents. `length` refers to the amount of memory allocated for the buffer object. It does not change when the contents of the buffer are changed.

    buf = new Buffer(1234);

    console.log(buf.length);
    buf.write("some string", 0, "ascii");
    console.log(buf.length);

    // 1234
    // 1234

While the `length` property is not immutable, changing the value of `length` can result in undefined and inconsistent behavior. Applications that wish to modify the length of a buffer should therefore treat `length` as read-only and use `buf.slice` to create a new buffer.

    buf = new Buffer(10);
    buf.write("abcdefghj", 0, "ascii");
    console.log(buf.length); // 10
    buf = buf.slice(0,5);
    console.log(buf.length); // 5

### buf.write(string[, offset][, length][, encoding])#

- `string` String - data to be written to buffer
- `offset` Number, Optional, Default: 0
- `length` Number, Optional, Default: `buffer.length - offset`
- `encoding` String, Optional, Default: 'utf8'

Writes `string` to the buffer at `offset` using the given encoding. `offset` defaults to `0`, `encoding` defaults to `'utf8'`. `length` is the number of bytes to write. Returns number of octets written. If `buffer` did not contain enough space to fit the entire string, it will write a partial amount of the string. `length` defaults to `buffer.length - offset`. The method will not write partial characters.

    buf = new Buffer(256);
    len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);
    console.log(len + " bytes: " + buf.toString('utf8', 0, len));

### buf.writeUIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeUIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

- `value` {Number} Bytes to be written to buffer
- `offset` {Number} `0 <= offset <= buf.length`
- `byteLength` {Number} `0 < byteLength <= 6`
- `noAssert` {Boolean} Default: false
- Return: {Number}

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified `offset` and `byteLength`. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

    var b = new Buffer(6);
    b.writeUIntBE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);
    // <Buffer 12 34 56 78 90 ab>

Set `noAssert` to `true` to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. Defaults to `false`.

### buf.readUIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

### buf.readUIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

### buf.readIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

### buf.readIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])#

- `offset` {Number} `0 <= offset <= buf.length`
- `byteLength` {Number} `0 < byteLength <= 6`
- `noAssert` {Boolean} Default: false
- Return: {Number}

A generalized version of all numeric read methods. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

    var b = new Buffer(6);
    b.writeUint16LE(0x90ab, 0);
    b.writeUInt32LE(0x12345678, 2);
    b.readUIntLE(0, 6).toString(16);  // Specify 6 bytes (48 bits)
    // output: '1234567890ab'

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

### buf.toString([encoding][, start][, end])#

- `encoding` String, Optional, Default: 'utf8'
- `start` Number, Optional, Default: 0
- `end` Number, Optional, Default: `buffer.length`

Decodes and returns a string from buffer data encoded using the specified character set encoding. If `encoding` is `undefined` or `null`, then `encoding` defaults to `'utf8'`. The `start` and `end` parameters default to `0` and `buffer.length` when `undefined`.

    buf = new Buffer(26);
    for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
      buf[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
    }
    buf.toString('ascii'); // outputs: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
    buf.toString('ascii',0,5); // outputs: abcde
    buf.toString('utf8',0,5); // outputs: abcde
    buf.toString(undefined,0,5); // encoding defaults to 'utf8', outputs abcde

See `buffer.write()` example, above.

### buf.toJSON()#

Returns a JSON-representation of the Buffer instance. `JSON.stringify` implicitly calls this function when stringifying a Buffer instance.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer('test');
    var json = JSON.stringify(buf);

    console.log(json);
    // '{"type":"Buffer","data":[116,101,115,116]}'

    var copy = JSON.parse(json, function(key, value) {
        return value && value.type === 'Buffer'
          ? new Buffer(value.data)
          : value;
      });

    console.log(copy);
    // <Buffer 74 65 73 74>

### buf[index]#

Get and set the octet at `index`. The values refer to individual bytes, so the legal range is between `0x00` and `0xFF` hex or `0` and `255`.

Example: copy an ASCII string into a buffer, one byte at a time:

    str = "Node.js";
    buf = new Buffer(str.length);

    for (var i = 0; i < str.length ; i++) {
      buf[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
    }

    console.log(buf);

    // Node.js

### buf.equals(otherBuffer)#

- `otherBuffer` Buffer

Returns a boolean of whether `this` and `otherBuffer` have the same bytes.

### buf.compare(otherBuffer)#

- `otherBuffer` Buffer

Returns a number indicating whether `this` comes before or after or is the same as the `otherBuffer` in sort order.

### buf.copy(targetBuffer[, targetStart][, sourceStart][, sourceEnd])#

- `targetBuffer` Buffer object - Buffer to copy into
- `targetStart` Number, Optional, Default: 0
- `sourceStart` Number, Optional, Default: 0
- `sourceEnd` Number, Optional, Default: `buffer.length`

Copies data from a region of this buffer to a region in the target buffer even if the target memory region overlaps with the source. If `undefined` the `targetStart` and `sourceStart` parameters default to `0` while `sourceEnd` defaults to `buffer.length`.

Example: build two Buffers, then copy `buf1` from byte 16 through byte 19 into `buf2`, starting at the 8th byte in `buf2`.

    buf1 = new Buffer(26);
    buf2 = new Buffer(26);

    for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
      buf1[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
      buf2[i] = 33; // ASCII !
    }

    buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);
    console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));

    // !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Example: Build a single buffer, then copy data from one region to an overlapping region in the same buffer

    buf = new Buffer(26);

    for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
      buf[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
    }

    buf.copy(buf, 0, 4, 10);
    console.log(buf.toString());

    // efghijghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

### buf.slice([start[, end]])#

- `start` Number, Optional, Default: 0
- `end` Number, Optional, Default: `buffer.length`

Returns a new buffer which references the same memory as the old, but offset and cropped by the `start` (defaults to `0`) and `end` (defaults to `buffer.length`) indexes. Negative indexes start from the end of the buffer.

Modifying the new buffer slice will modify memory in the original buffer!

Example: build a Buffer with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, then modify one byte from the original Buffer.

    var buf1 = new Buffer(26);

    for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
      buf1[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
    }

    var buf2 = buf1.slice(0, 3);
    console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
    buf1[0] = 33;
    console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));

    // abc
    // !bc

### buf.indexOf(value[, byteOffset])#

- `value` String, Buffer or Number
- `byteOffset` Number, Optional, Default: 0
- Return: Number

Operates similar to Array#indexOf(). Accepts a String, Buffer or Number. Strings are interpreted as UTF8. Buffers will use the entire buffer. So in order to compare a partial Buffer use `Buffer#slice()`. Numbers can range from 0 to 255.

### buf.readUInt8(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads an unsigned 8 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);

    buf[0] = 0x3;
    buf[1] = 0x4;
    buf[2] = 0x23;
    buf[3] = 0x42;

    for (ii = 0; ii < buf.length; ii++) {
      console.log(buf.readUInt8(ii));
    }

    // 0x3
    // 0x4
    // 0x23
    // 0x42

### buf.readUInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.readUInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads an unsigned 16 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);

    buf[0] = 0x3;
    buf[1] = 0x4;
    buf[2] = 0x23;
    buf[3] = 0x42;

    console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(0));
    console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(0));
    console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(1));
    console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(1));
    console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(2));
    console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(2));

    // 0x0304
    // 0x0403
    // 0x0423
    // 0x2304
    // 0x2342
    // 0x4223

### buf.readUInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.readUInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads an unsigned 32 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);

    buf[0] = 0x3;
    buf[1] = 0x4;
    buf[2] = 0x23;
    buf[3] = 0x42;

    console.log(buf.readUInt32BE(0));
    console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(0));

    // 0x03042342
    // 0x42230403

### buf.readInt8(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads a signed 8 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Works as `buffer.readUInt8`, except buffer contents are treated as two's complement signed values.

### buf.readInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.readInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads a signed 16 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Works as `buffer.readUInt16*`, except buffer contents are treated as two's complement signed values.

### buf.readInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.readInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads a signed 32 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Works as `buffer.readUInt32*`, except buffer contents are treated as two's complement signed values.

### buf.readFloatLE(offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.readFloatBE(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads a 32 bit float from the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);

    buf[0] = 0x00;
    buf[1] = 0x00;
    buf[2] = 0x80;
    buf[3] = 0x3f;

    console.log(buf.readFloatLE(0));

    // 0x01

### buf.readDoubleLE(offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.readDoubleBE(offset[, noAssert])#

- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false
- Return: Number

Reads a 64 bit double from the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `offset`. This means that `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(8);

    buf[0] = 0x55;
    buf[1] = 0x55;
    buf[2] = 0x55;
    buf[3] = 0x55;
    buf[4] = 0x55;
    buf[5] = 0x55;
    buf[6] = 0xd5;
    buf[7] = 0x3f;

    console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(0));

    // 0.3333333333333333

### buf.writeUInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset. Note, `value` must be a valid unsigned 8 bit integer.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);
    buf.writeUInt8(0x3, 0);
    buf.writeUInt8(0x4, 1);
    buf.writeUInt8(0x23, 2);
    buf.writeUInt8(0x42, 3);

    console.log(buf);

    // <Buffer 03 04 23 42>

### buf.writeUInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeUInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format. Note, `value` must be a valid unsigned 16 bit integer.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);
    buf.writeUInt16BE(0xdead, 0);
    buf.writeUInt16BE(0xbeef, 2);

    console.log(buf);

    buf.writeUInt16LE(0xdead, 0);
    buf.writeUInt16LE(0xbeef, 2);

    console.log(buf);

    // <Buffer de ad be ef>
    // <Buffer ad de ef be>

### buf.writeUInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeUInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format. Note, `value` must be a valid unsigned 32 bit integer.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);
    buf.writeUInt32BE(0xfeedface, 0);

    console.log(buf);

    buf.writeUInt32LE(0xfeedface, 0);

    console.log(buf);

    // <Buffer fe ed fa ce>
    // <Buffer ce fa ed fe>

### buf.writeInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset. Note, `value` must be a valid signed 8 bit integer.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Works as `buffer.writeUInt8`, except value is written out as a two's complement signed integer into `buffer`.

### buf.writeInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format. Note, `value` must be a valid signed 16 bit integer.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Works as `buffer.writeUInt16*`, except value is written out as a two's complement signed integer into `buffer`.

### buf.writeInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format. Note, `value` must be a valid signed 32 bit integer.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Works as `buffer.writeUInt32*`, except value is written out as a two's complement signed integer into `buffer`.

### buf.writeFloatLE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeFloatBE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format. Note, behavior is unspecified if `value` is not a 32 bit float.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(4);
    buf.writeFloatBE(0xcafebabe, 0);

    console.log(buf);

    buf.writeFloatLE(0xcafebabe, 0);

    console.log(buf);

    // <Buffer 4f 4a fe bb>
    // <Buffer bb fe 4a 4f>

### buf.writeDoubleLE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

### buf.writeDoubleBE(value, offset[, noAssert])#

- `value` Number
- `offset` Number
- `noAssert` Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes `value` to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format. Note, `value` must be a valid 64 bit double.

Set `noAssert` to true to skip validation of `value` and `offset`. This means that `value` may be too large for the specific function and `offset` may be beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to `false`.

Example:

    var buf = new Buffer(8);
    buf.writeDoubleBE(0xdeadbeefcafebabe, 0);

    console.log(buf);

    buf.writeDoubleLE(0xdeadbeefcafebabe, 0);

    console.log(buf);

    // <Buffer 43 eb d5 b7 dd f9 5f d7>
    // <Buffer d7 5f f9 dd b7 d5 eb 43>

### buf.fill(value[, offset][, end])#

- `value`
- `offset` Number, Optional
- `end` Number, Optional

Fills the buffer with the specified value. If the `offset` (defaults to `0`) and `end` (defaults to `buffer.length`) are not given it will fill the entire buffer.

    var b = new Buffer(50);
    b.fill("h");

### buffer.values()#

Creates iterator for buffer values (bytes). This function is called automatically when `buffer` is used in a `for..of` statement.

### buffer.keys()#

Creates iterator for buffer keys (indices).

### buffer.entries()#

Creates iterator for `[index, byte]` arrays.

## buffer.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES#

- Number, Default: 50

How many bytes will be returned when `buffer.inspect()` is called. This can be overridden by user modules.

Note that this is a property on the buffer module returned by `require('buffer')`, not on the Buffer global, or a buffer instance.

## ES6 iteration#

Buffers can be iterated over using `for..of` syntax:

    var buf = new Buffer([1, 2, 3]);

    for (var b of buf)
      console.log(b)

    // 1
    // 2
    // 3

Additionally, `buffer.values()`, `buffer.keys()` and `buffer.entries()` methods can be used to create iterators.

## Class: SlowBuffer#

Returns an un-pooled `Buffer`.

In order to avoid the garbage collection overhead of creating many individually allocated Buffers, by default allocations under 4KB are sliced from a single larger allocated object. This approach improves both performance and memory usage since v8 does not need to track and cleanup as many `Persistent` objects.

In the case where a developer may need to retain a small chunk of memory from a pool for an indeterminate amount of time it may be appropriate to create an un-pooled Buffer instance using SlowBuffer and copy out the relevant bits.

    // need to keep around a few small chunks of memory
    var store = [];

    socket.on('readable', function() {
      var data = socket.read();
      // allocate for retained data
      var sb = new SlowBuffer(10);
      // copy the data into the new allocation
      data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);
      store.push(sb);
    });

Though this should be used sparingly and only be a last resort after a developer has actively observed undue memory retention in their applications.